The study of the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of people with lipid metabolism disorders

Abstract

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially at a young age. It is known from modern sources that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) synthesized in the intestine are actively involved in the genesis of dyslipidemia, the spectrum and ratio of which depends on the consumed food substrates. In particular, it has been found that food components such as dietary fiber can affect the lowering of blood lipids by affecting the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, dietary correction can be an important step in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, and as a result, help reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CD).

The aim of the research was to study the content of the main SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate) in the feces of people with dyslipidemia, including taking into account the actual nutrition and consumption of the carbohydrate fraction of the diet (starch, mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber) as precursors of SCFAs.

Material and methods. 70 patients aged 18 to 45 years with dyslipidemia were selected as stool donors. All subjects were divided into 2 groups: the main group with the risk of CD (the risk was determined by the risk scale for CD) and the comparison group with established cardiovascular pathology (CVP). SCFAs in stool samples collected after natural defecation and subjected to immediate freezing at -70 °C were determined by gas chromatography. The diet was analyzed by the 24-hour food recall method.

Results. The frequency of occurrence of the optimal ratio acetate – acetic acid : propionate – propionic acid : butyrate – butyric acid (60:20:20) in all groups was no more than 25%. At the same time, in persons at risk of CD, in the SCFA pool there was a pronounced decrease in the proportion of butyrate, which is characterized by cardioprotective properties, up to 15% (with an optimal proportion of 20%) compared with the levels for healthy people noted in the works of M.D. Ardatskaya et al. and A.A. Kurmangulov. And in persons with CVP, the levels of fecal acetate, which is a regulator of metabolic processes, namely lipogenesis, differed insignificantly compared with the values obtained in the studies of the above authors. In all examined individuals, the content of acetate in feces depended on the carbohydrate component of the diet, primarily on the total amount of carbohydrates consumed. And increasing the amount of dietary fiber intake contributed to the elevation of this SCFA. In individuals at risk of CD a significant correlation was found between the content of acetate and the atherogenic index (r=0,695). And in persons with CVP, there was a high negative correlation between the level of acetate in the feces and the amount of mono- and disaccharides in the diet (r=-0,934).

Conclusion. In individuals with dyslipidemia and CVD risk factors, the results obtained in this study confirm the need for targeted correction of diets in order to increase the proportion of food substrates, which are potential precursors of butyrate.

Keywords:gut microbiome; short-chain fatty acids; dyslipidemia; feces; dyslipidemia; cardiovascular disease; gas chromatography

Funding. The study was carried out at the expense of subsidies for the implementation of the state assignment.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Contribution. Concept and design of the study – Sheveleva S.A.; collection of material – Kim N.V., Alekseev V.A.; processing of material – Kim N.V., Zotov V.A.; statistical processing – Kim N.V.; writing the text – Kim N.V., Sheveleva S.A.; editing the text, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article – all authors.

Acknowledgment. The authors would like to thank Sergei V. Morozov, PhD Senior Researcher of the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Diet Therapy of the Clinic for Clinical Nutrition of the Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, for valuable advice in writing the article.

For citation: Kim N.V., Zotov V.A., Alekseev V.A., Sheveleva S.A. The study of the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of people with lipid metabolism disorders. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2023; 92 (2): 18–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-2-18-25 (in Russian)

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CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

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