Content
2 . 2017
Reviews

Biological role of adipokines and their association with morbid conditions

Abstract
Adipose tissue is the source of adipokines (leptine, adiponectine, resistine, interleukin-1, 6, 7, 8, 15, visfatine, PPAR-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, vaspine, chemerine, progranuline, endocannabinoids, lipocaline-2, apleine, omentine, nesfatine-1) - biological active molecules of adipose tissue that have local and systematic effect on body. Changing of their level in the body is associated with insulin resistance, endothelium dysfunction, arterial hypertension, bronchial asthma and obesity progressing. Adipokines are heterogenous group of molecules, one part of them is produced directly by abdominal adipose tissue; another part of them is produced in other tissues but they indirectly affect development and functioning of adipose tissue. The study of adipokines lets us observe the pathogenesis of obesity, associated cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 with another way. It will give us an opportunity to compose scientific base for recognizing, preventing and treatment of such diseases. It is necessary to realize that obesity with diabetes mellitus type 2 and atherosclerosis are inflammatory diseases, that's why we need to study pro- and anti-inflammatory factors of adipokines. The production of majority of inflammatory mediators is increased in case of obesity and contributes progressing of obesity and metabolic diseases. It is actual to observe adipokines as biomarkers of pathological processes, in future it will be available to prevent pathological processes, to establish prophylaxis of disease and to support positive treatment.
Physiology and biochemistry nutrition

The influence of separate and combined supplementation with curcumin and quercetin on the protective capacity in rats

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of curcumin (CUR) and quercetin (QUER) on the expression of genes and activity of prototypical Nrf2/ARE- and AhR/ XRE-regulated enzymes. Investigation was carried out on male Wistar rats with initial body weight (230-235 g b.w.) that received for 14 days CUR (200 mg/kg b.w.) and QUER (200 mg/kg b.w.) separately or in combination within the standard semi-synthetic diet. The expression of genes and activity of Nrf2/ARE - regulated enzymes - heme oxy-genase-1(HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), AhR/XRE-regulated CYP1A1, CYP1A2 enzymes and the mRNA level of transcription factors Nrf2 and AhR were determined in rats liver. Also the expression of gene CYP3A1 and activity of CYP3A, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione transferase were studied in rats liver. Along with this the total antioxidant activity (A OA), malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides levels were determined in blood plasma and liver. The reduced and oxidized glutathione level, total and unsedimentable activity of lysosomal enzymes were investigated in rats' liver. QUER, especially in combination with CUR, increased the AOA of blood plasma and reduced the content of lipid hydroperoxides in it. CUR and QUER did not affect NQO1 activity, but the combined action caused an increase in the HO-1 activity without affecting the expression of the corresponding gene (Hmoxl) and Nrf2 gene. CUR and, to a lesser extent QUER, had a strong inducing effect on CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A activity, but only the CYP1A1 activation was accompanied by the induction of CYP1A1 gene. The inducing effect of CUR and QUER on the activity of CYP450 enzymes greatly enhanced by their combined action. Membrane stabilizing action of CUR and QUER was also strongly expressed under its combined intake. Thus, we can conclude that CUR and QUER, especially in combination, contribute to the protective and adaptive capacity.

Antioxidant status of sportsmen performing measured physical loading during recreational periods

Abstract

The purpose of the current scientific work was to study the condition of antioxidant status in sportsmen of different specializations and degree of training during measured physical training and recreational periods. 71 male sportsmen (18-25 years old) were studied. The control group included 15 practically healthy student volunteers of the same age who did not train. Physical loading was a cardiac stress test. Blood was taken by means of venipuncture in the condition of rest 5 and 30 minutes after work on a biological display stand in the volume of 13 500-27 000 kgf x m. Biochemical investigations were performed in blood plasma and erythrocytes. They included measuring of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, caeruloplasmin, antiradical activity, intensity of chemiluminescence in consider of general antioxidant activity, enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Comprehensive analysis of lipoprotein fractions was performed taking into consideration diagnostic rates. Dependence of the antioxidant status of sportsmen on the degree of training and specializations was determined. Thus, at rest higher content of blood plasma ascorbic acid in well-trained sportsmen (more than 23.2% in acyclic kinds of sports and 11.9% in cyclic kinds of sports) was revealed. In highly qualified sportsmen the content of this vitamin was lower by 19.6%. Also the well-trained sportsmen have lower values of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities. α-tocopherol blood plasma level and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as antioxidant enzyme activity in general corresponded with blood plasma content of ascorbic acid. Blood plasma decrease of ascorbic acid in all studied groups and α-tocopherol in non-trained group was noted after dosage physical loading and recreational periods. At the background of changes of various sorts of activity of enzyme antioxidants and indicators of deep analysis of lipoprotein spectrum protection was stressed. Recommendations on sport nutrition enrichment with vitamins and mineral substances of antioxidant action were developed.

Hygiene of nutrition

Main indicators of physical development and somatotypological features of men in older age groups

Abstract

The article presents the anthropometric indicators of 210 old age men (aged 60-74 years), 108 elderly men (aged 75-90 years) and 125 long-liver men (aged 90-98 years) of the Slavic ethnic group, living in Moscow and Moscow region. Significant differences in basic anthropometric parameters have been established in body weight and body mass index between the three age groups. Average values of body height in elderly men were lower by 0.6% (p>0.05), and in long-liver men were significantly lower by 4.6% than in old age men. Diameters did not have statistically significant differences in all age groups. Averages values of all circumferences of available limbs significantly differed in three age groups, averages values of waist and thigh circumference significantly differed only in the group of long-liver men and old age men. Averages values of breast circumference were not statistically different in three age groups. Average values of all eight skin-fat folds were significantly lower in long-liver men compared with old age men, whereas in elderly men only skin-fat folds of shoulder front and back, forearms, chest and lower leg were significantly less than in old age men. Somatotypological analysis revealed a different frequency of somatotype occurrence and the prevalence of 3 main types among men of older age groups (old age men, elderly men, long-liver men) - chest (18.5, 26.2 and 28.4%), abdominal-muscle (20.1, 15.4 and 16.8%) and abdominal (20.8, 22.2 and 19.4% respectively). Also the peculiarities of the component body composition of men of older age groups were revealed. Body composition analysis revealed a decrease in the average indicators of the absolute content of bone, fat and muscular body components from the old age to the period of longevity (long-liver men). Absolute content of bone tissue in elderly men (7.9±0.3 kg) didn't differ and in the period of longevity (6.8±0.2 kg) was less by 1.18 fold (p<0.05) than in old age men (8.0±0.3 kg). Absolute amount of body fat tissue in elderly men (16.1±1.2 kg) was less by 1.09 fold (p<0.05) and in long-liver men (12.5±1.0 kg) was less by 1.41 fold (p<0.05) than in old age men (17.6±1.4 kg). Absolute amount of body muscle tissue in elderly men (18.2±0.3 kg) was less by 1.17 fold (p<0.05) and in the period of longevity (16.3±0.2 kg) was less by 1.31 fold (p<0.05) than in old age men (21.3±0.2 kg). Average relative indicators of the major body components with aging undergo a number of changes, which are reflected in the reduction of quantity of bone and muscle tissue and increasing rates of adipose tissue.

Humoral regulation of nutritional status in children

Abstract

The purpose of the research was the investigation of the characteristics of insulin resis­tance, levels of adipokines, myokines and collagen metabolites type I in children in orphanages and social rehabilitation centers (SRC). The study involved 69 children aged 7-12 years. The first group consisted of 20 children from SRC, the second - 16 children living in orphanages, control group included 33 children (1-2 health groups) from wealthy families. The average length of stay of children in SRP was 1.0 (0.5-2.5) month, in orphan­ages - 38 (22-44) months. The groups were comparable in age and sex. Anthropometric indices were determined, in blood serum glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidase method, blood serum level of insulin, cortisol, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, myostatin, collagen metabolites were determined by ELISA. Children from orphanages and SRC had significantly lower anthropometric indices in comparison with the control group. Particularly low parameters were observed in children from SRP, which in growth, body weight, chest circumference and body mass index significantly lagged behind the control group peers. The children from SRP as compared with the control group revealed higher insulin resistance index (3.33+0.49 vs 2.29+0.29, p<0.05) and cortisol level (405.21+38.21 vs 313.08+25.97 nmol/l, p>0.05). There were changes (p<0.05) in blood serum content of adipokines - reduced leptin level (5.35+1.55 vs 14.00+3.10 ng/ml) and increased apelin level (4.07+0.82 vs 2.19+0.41 ng/ml), as well as higher levels (p<0.05) of myostatin (183.95+16.3 vs 116.4+9.4 ng/ml) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (1.11+0.11 vs 0.72+0.08 ng/ml). The children in orphanages compared with the control group had lower levels of insulin (5.04+0.69 vs 11.3 + 1.12 μIU/ml, high insulin sensitivity - HOMA-IR was 1.01+0.16. The children in orphanages have even more pronounced reduction in leptin concentration (2.69+0.4 ng/ml), a decrease of resistin (4.99+0.32 vs 7.16+0.70 ng/ml, p<0.05), increased concentration (p<0.05) of apelin (3.53+0.67 ng/ml), myostatin (181,17+10.2 ng/ml) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (2.70+0.22 ng/ml). Features of hormone and cytokine regulation of metabo­lism make it particularly urgent to prevent disorders of eating behavior and to promote a healthy lifestyle among children left without parental care.

Micronutrients in nutrition

Physiological needs and effective doses of vitamin D for deficiency correction. Current state of the problem

Abstract

In addition to classic role of vitamin D in musculoskeletal health over the last decade it was shown that low blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are associated with a number of non-skeletal disorders including cancer, high blood pressure, age-related cognitive decline, disorders of the immune and reproductive systems, etc. The prevention of the development of these diseases is reached under considerably higher concentra­tions of the vitamin in the blood serum, than is necessary to maintain the normal state of the bone tissue, to regulate calcium absorption and homeostasis. To maintain the concentration of the circulating form of vitamin D 25(OH)D in blood serum at a level ensuring optimum course of vitamin D-dependent biochemical processes (greater than 50 nmol/l), a higher intake of vitamin D is necessary. Reduced blood concentration of vitamin D (less than 30 ng/ml) occurs in 50-92% of the adult population of working age in our country, regardless of the season. The causes of vitamin D deficiency are the low efficiency of its endogenous synthesis in the skin due to insufficient sun exposure owing to the geographical position of our country, and inadequate intake of the vitamin from food as a result of rare consumption of the main source of this vitamin - oil-rich sea fishes. In the Russian Federation the current daily norm of physiological need (10 mcg) to some extent allows to maintain skeletal features, but such consumption does not allow to achieve adequate levels of the circulating form of vitamin D in the blood, which provide optimal manifestation of nonskeletal functions of this vitamin. The analysis of the avail­able information and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency point to the need to increase the physiological needs of vitamin D to 15 micrograms (600 IU/day). Simultaneously it should be recognized that vitamin D daily intake of 25 micrograms (1000 IU/day) is an effective dose to improve vitamin D status and at the same time is safe. Higher vita­min D intake can reliably eliminate the existing deficit of this vitamin in the population and maintain blood concentration of 25(OH)D at an optimum level, which will provide health benefits.

Selenium in food crops

Abstract
Biofortification of food crops with selenium is considered to be one of the most effective and economically beneficial way in the human selenium status optimization. At the same time as biologically activity of selenium is determined not only by a dose but also by chemical forms of the element it seems especially important to reveal peculiarities of their biosynthesis by different agricultural crops. The review presents the last data on the chemical forms of selenium in food products including food crops. Effect of agricultural crops biofortification with selenium on accumulation of special chemical forms of the element is discussed. Special attention is paid to representatives of Allium and Brassica species, capable to accumulate high concentrations of methylated derivatives of the element known to possess intensive anticarcinogenic acitivity. Selenium metabolism in hyperaccumulators and non-accumulators of selenium is discussed. Possible beneficial effects of selenium enriched cereals and vegetables on human health are presented. Success of Finland in improvement of human health via global utilization of fertilizers, fortified with selenium is indicated. The most important functional food products based on selenium fortified vegetables produced in different countries and developed in Russia are described.

Preparation and physical-chemical characteristics of functional food ingredient -zinc complex with egg protein fermentolisate

Abstract

The use of biotechnological approach, including obtaining of food protein fermentative hydrolysates, following their combination with essential microelements (ЕМ), allows to obtain new nutritional sources of these EM-obligate antioxidants (zinc, copper, manganese) in organic high-bioavailable form. In this research new nutritional source of zinc organic form as a complex with peptide fractions of fermentolysate of coagulated egg protein was obtained and was characterized by physical-chemical methods. Inhibitory activity of native egg protein lowered by 2 fold under coagulation with one-stage thermal processing (t = +88 °C). The proteolysis of coagulated egg protein was performed within two time intervals (2 and 5 hours) by enzymatic preparations, proteases of bacterium origin (neutral Protease B 2256, alkaline protease C 1986 and alkaline protease Protozim B). A molecular weight distribution of peptide fractions in obtained fermentolysates was characterized by the method of exclusion chromatography and nitrogen concentration was determined by Kjehldal method. Water-soluble phase, obtained by means of 5 hours fermentolysis using enzymatic preparation Protozim B, contained 85% of general nitrogen against original coagulated egg protein. The concentration of peptide fraction with the molecular weight 1.1-6.9 kD was 58% and less than 1.1 kD - 21%. This fermentolisate was used to obtain a complex with zinc. Zinc concentration in complex was 19 mg/g. Technological approach used in this work allowed to obtain a new high concentrated food source of zinc in organic form as an ingredient of specialized foods for microelement deficiency prevention is prospective.

Chemical composition of foodstuffs

The study of the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast biomass to generate food ingredients with the specified fractional composition of protein substances

Abstract

With the use of enzyme systems (ES) the directed biocatalytic destruction of subcel-lular structures of the yeast biomass Saccharomyces cerevisiaе has been conducted for obtaining products of the specified structural-fractional composition. The composi­tion of ES-1 included the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides of yeast. Enzymes were dosed out at the rate of β-glucanase - 300 units of β-GcS/g of yeast, mannanase - 28.9 units of MS/g of yeast. ES-2, along with the enzymatic composition of ES-1, also contained a proteolytic complex, which included enzymes of bacterial origin, which were neutral, serine and metal-depended proteases (in a dosage of 2 units of PS/g of yeast). ES-3 consisted of the enzymes with β-glucanase, mannanase, proteolytic activities and was further reinforced by high dose of proteases of fungal origin (10 units PS/g of yeast) for the implementation of deep hydrolysis of protein substances of yeast cell protoplasm to low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids. The action of enzymatic systems with different substrate specificity on the degree of destruction of subcellular structures of yeast was illustrated by electron microscopy. The result­ing degradation products had different fractional composition and structural features. The results showed that ES-1 treatment of yeast led to deformation of the cell walls, but did not affect the composition of the protein fractions, represented by peptides with different molecular weight (20-60 kDa) that were characteristic for the starting mate­rial. The use of ES-2 has provided a deeper degradation of the protein-polysaccharide matrix of the cell walls and partial hydrolysis of proteins with the formation of soluble protein components with molecular weight less than 14 kDa. ES-3 treatment of yeast cells allowed to obtain composition with predominant content (89%) of free amino acids and short peptides with molecular weight up to 300 Da. The efficacy of targeted destruction of subcellular structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with getting of fermentation biomass with the specified fractional composition of protein substances for the production of food ingredients with special functional effects has been shown.

Diet treatment

ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids use for optimization of children inflammatory joints diseases treatment

Abstract

The use of additional treatment methods in inflammatory joints disease therapy is very important. But the main principles of diet therapy for patients with rheumatoid joint inflammation and reactive arthritis and possibility of focused impact on disease activity by means of alimentary factors have not still been formed out. The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of diet therapy including ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on joint syndrome evidence and on bone turnover markers of children with inflammatory joint diseases. With parents' agreement children aged 5-16 hospitalized with inflammatory joint diseases (53 with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 35 with reactive arthritis) were enrolled in this research. According to the treatment mode 2 subgroups were separated in each group: the first subgroup underwent backbone therapy, the second - backbone therapy along with ω-3 PUFAs (cod liver oil 1000 mg containing 115 mg of docosahexaenoic and 23 mg of eicosapentaenoic acids). Children aged 3-5years received 1 capsule 2 times a day, over 6 years old - 1 capsule 3 times per day with meals for 3 months. Disease activity, joint syndrome evidence (counting of joint pain, Ritchie index, number of inflammatory joints, morning stiffness duration) and biochemical values of connective tissue metabolism were estimated while being introduced into research and at the end of treatment. More apparent improvement of joint syndrome indexes at the end of supervision was diagnosed in the groups undergoing backbone therapy along with ω-3 PUFAs. Statistically significant (p<0.05) reduce of morning stiffness time by 3 fold vs 2 fold in children treated with basic therapy, reduce of joint index by 2.9-5.7 fold vs 2.0-3.8 fold, the number of inflammatory joints by 4.5-5.8 fold vs 2.0-2.3 fold, blood serum level of hydroxyl proline and antibodies to rumalon were observed in main groups of patients. Disease activity index DAS 4 decreased in the group undergoing backbone therapy by 0.44 (p<0.05) and in the group undergoing modified therapy - by 1.20 (p<0.05). No adverse effects of PUFAs have been observed. It was concluded that ω-3 PUFAs increased the action of basic therapy favoring advances in inflammatory process activity control, provided decrease of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) intake and proved to be an important supplement in diet therapy of children inflammatory joints diseases.

Efficient products from amaranth in a gluten-free nutrition of children with gluten intolerance

Abstract

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the tolerability and effectiveness of the inclusion of products from amaranth to the regular children's diet during long gluten-free diet (GFD) therapy. The study included 37 children aged from 1 year to 17 years, the experience of compliance with a GFD was from 6 months to 16 years. Patients underwent an assessment of nutritional status: indicators of physical development by WHO percentile tables; clinical (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes) and biochemical (protein, albumin, iron, ionized calcium, selenium, copper) blood indicators. After that, children diet was supplemented with products from amaranth, which they constantly ate for 9-12 months. Quality and compliance difficulties of GFD were also examined using specially designed questionnaire filled in by parents. After 9-12 months of optimized GFD the examination of children and parents questioning was repeated. Long-term regular usage of amaranth products in GDB was accompanied by an improvement of indicators of nutritional status of patients: decrease in the number of children with underweight from from 16.25 to 10.8% and increase in the patients with normal body weight from 51.4 to 56.8%; reduction in the number of children with abnormal low rise from 10.8 to 5.4%, an increase of children with an average growth from 59.5 to 67.6%. The relative number of children with a decreased level of ionized calcium in the blood serum decreased from 37.8 to 10.8%. Normalization of decreased blood serum levels of iron, copper and zinc was observed in all patients who had a deficiency of these trace elements, in 13.5, 8 and 16.2% of children respectively. Difficulties in complying with the strict diet therapy are mainly social in nature. Products of amaranth tested in the course of the study were well tolerated, allergic and dyspeptic reactions were not noted. 89. 2% of parents commented positively on the new gluten-free amaranth products.

Nutrition of sportsmеn

Modern state and prospects of the development of production of specialized foodstuffs for athletes

Abstract

Nutrition is a very important element in the training of athletes - both professionals and amateurs. Sports exercises accompanied by significant energy expenditure, hypoxia, large neuro-psychological stress that caused the body's increased need for energy and certain nutrients. It is almost impossible to provide athletes' needs through the regular diet, so during the training cycle they used specifically developed nutrition' systems. Modern methodology of athletes' nutrition makes provisions of using special diet, including not only conventional, but also fortified foods and dietary supplements, to com­pensate the comparative deficiency of any essential body' substratum and biologically active substances. Analytical researches indicate that lately generally in Russia, there is a tendency of increasing the number of people engaged in physical culture and sports, who needs specialized foodstuffs. Nowadays food and beverages intended for athletes of different specializations, widely represented in the Russian market, are mainly imported; the percentage of domestic specialized foodstuffs and beverages is small. In the last decade, native scientists developed a wide range of specialized foodstuffs for sportsmen's nutrition, that creates the prospect of the development of production of Russian foodstuffs with assured quality in order to achieve the best results in professional and amateur sports.

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CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

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