Content
1 . 2019
Reviews

Carbohydrate-related nutritional and genetic risks of obesity for indigenous northerners

Abstract

By the end of the 2010-s the prevalence of obesity among the indigenous people of the North approached to the all-Russia one and the speed of the spread of other metabolic disorders exceeded the average all-country levels.

Aim of this review is to analyze data on the increase in consumption and variety of sugars coupled with a genetic specificity of regulation of saccharidase activity and their possible impact on the matters.

Results. It have been shown that the traditional protein-lipid-based northern type diet has substantially changed and now contains a high proportion of carbohydrates. The carbohydrate per capita consumption among the indigenous people of the North has reached the all-Russia average level (40 kg per year) which exceeds the European average of 36.2 kg per year. The variety of food disaccharides has also considerably increased. The daily consumption of sucrose, at the beginning of the 20th century it was the only sugar contained in the store-bought foods, increased from 30 g in the 1930s to 63-65 g in the 1990s. In addition, the proportion of sucrose dropped to 60-70 per cent, while the contribution of other disaccharides (lactose, trehalose) reached 30-40 per cent. Daily starch consumption has also increased and got close to the national average (males 228.5 g, females 157.5 g per day). Such a diet in itself increases the risk of metabolic disorders and obesity. The high prevalence of the genotypes that determine reduced levels or inability to produce sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, trehalase, salivary and pancreatic amylases among northerners becomes a negative cofactor. The evolutionary driven and embodied in genotype reduced ability of the indigenous Arctic people to digest complex carbohydrates is in a conflict with the growing consumption of sugars and starchy foods in modern conditions. The northern people have a high proportion of carriers of the AG deletion in SI gene (3.5-14.3% against 0.05-0.2% among Europeans) which determines malabsorption of sucrose. The CC/LCT genotype (96.6% in northerners, 36-49% in Russians) presumes lactose intolerance and is associated with the risk of childhood obesity. The occurrence of A allele in the rs2276064 locus of TREH gene (trehalose intolerance; 31.3-58.9% in northerners, 1.9% in Europeans) increases the probability of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to preliminary estimates, 28-52% of the northerners completely lost AMY gene that precludes or drastically reduces the ability to digest starch. A reduction in the number of copies of AMY gene (the average number of copies AMY2A - 4, in, in northerners it is 1.0-1.4) is associated with overweight and obesity.

Conclusion. The analysis shows that, in the case of the modern indigenous northerners, nutritional and genetic risks of metabolic disorders accumulate.

Polyphenolic compounds of the stilbenoid class: classification, representatives, content in plant raw materials, structural features, use in the food industry and pharmacy

Abstract
Nowadays, more than 300 representatives of stilbenoids are known - a group of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic biologic active substances, according to the chemical structure belonging to the group of polyphenolic compounds - phenylpropanoids. Representatives of this group of compounds can be detected in such classes of plants as gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes andpteridophyte. The main food sources are the fruits of grapes, blueberries, blueberries, peanuts, cocoa. The history of their detection is associated with the discovery of the protective functions of plants in response to the action of external stimuli. Further study revealed pronounced antioxidant properties. The mechanism of development of many diseases is associated with the processes of oxidation of free radicals, which can be interrupted by the effect of antioxidants. Possible mechanisms of antioxidant action of stilbenoids and their effect on diseases caused by excessive amounts of free radicals have been studied. Stilbenoids increase the tone and stability of the body to stress factors of the environment, improve the adaptive capacity of the nervous and immune systems, show antitumor, cardio-protective and lipid-lowering activities, inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this regard specialized products, food supplements and drugs containing stilbenoids have been developed. However, representatives of this group of compounds have low consumer properties, are sensitive to environmental factors and have low solubility and absorption. Therefore, solutions of these problems are important when developing new foods and drugs. Nowadays, auxiliary substances (solubilizers) are used, as well as such technological methods as microencapsulation, coacervation, polymerization, and others that can cope with problems of instability, poor solubility, low bioavailability, and unsatisfactory consumer qualities, which improve the effect of stilbenoids on the organism.
Physiology and biochemistry nutrition

Extracellular matrix collagen fiber structures of the gastrointestinal connective tissues in mice after a 30 day orbital flight

Abstract

The organs of the digestive system experience high sensitivity to the orbital flight factors and may limit the implementation of the professional activities of crews on International space station. The connective tissue as a system-forming matrix of the integrative and buffering metabolic environment has a particular importance in the space biomedicine because it provides the inner organ functionality in the conditions of changing level of the gravitational incentive.

Aim - to study the adaptive mechanisms of the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue of stomach and intestines on the effect of prolonged microgravity.

Material and methods. Using histochemical methods the condition of collagen fibers of a specific tissue microenvironment of the membranes of stomach and intestines of C57BL/6N mice (58 males with an initial body weight of 27.1±0.7g) after a 30-day space flight and the following 7-day land readaptation was studied as well as in the animals representing corresponding control groups.

Results and discussion. Laboratory animal presence on the biosatellite «BION-M» No. 1 has led to the fibrous reduction of extracellular matrix of connective tissue in the studied organs of digestive system structure except for the proper lamina of the gastric mucous membrane. Fibrillogenesis increase in the gastrointestinal tract in comparison with the indicators of space flight animal group has been found after 7 days of the biosatellite landing. The collagen fibers were not characterized by the significance change from the vivarium control group during the experiment with the land modelling of orbital flight conditions.

Conclusion. The obtained results represent the evidence of fibrous structure gravity sensitivity of extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and show the relevance in the sphere of preventive measure improvement of the digestive system organs in the profession of astronauts in the orbital flight conditions.

The changes of copper metabolism in rats fed with low- or high-calorie ration

Abstract

Copper is an essential micronutrient, because it is a catalytic and structural cofactor of enzymes that control the basic processes in all cells, and moreover it is a participant in signaling pathways. The toxic properties of copper ions, due to their chemical nature, are manifested when the cellular and/or organism systems for copper homeostasis are disturbed.

Aim of the work was to study the relationships between the diet caloric and the copper status in the blood serum, the copper metabolism in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats.

Material and methods. The work was performed on three groups (each n=5) of white outbred rats (average body weight 220±15g), kept for 75 days on a standard, low-calorie (LCR) or high-calorie (high-fat) (HCR) rations. mRNA concentration was measured by qRT-PCR technology. The сeruloplasmin (CP) content was determined by the method of immune electrophoresis, immune blotting and by oxidase activity. The copper concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results and discussion. It has been shown that serum level of triglycerides increased in rats fed LCR. The main indicators of copper status (concentration of atomic copper, the level of holo-CP, and the content of immunoreactive CP) decreased in rats fed HCR. In the liver, none of the diets affected Cp gene expression level. In the cells of the subcutaneous fatty tissue, the concentration of both splice-forms of CP-mRNA significantly increased in rats fed LCR. In visceral adipose tissue the concentration of Cp-mRNA encoding the secretory CP did not change in LCR-rats, but the level of mRNA, encoding CP anchored to plasma membrane, dropped to almost zero as compared to the control group. There was no significant change in the level of both splice-forms of CP-mRNA in HCR-rats. The features of copper metabolism in the cells of the liver and WAT, due to the caloric content of ration, have been discussed.

Conclusions. In rats’ liver, the link between copper metabolism and calorie intake is manifested in changes in the expression of the CP gene at the translation level, and in white adipose tissue - at the level of transcription and post-transcriptional maturation of the pre-mRNA of this gene.

New functional food ingredient – lipid module, source of astaxantine and plasmalogenes

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the impact of modification of fatty acids composition of laboratory animals’ diet in the presence of plasmalogenes (PG), astaxanthin (ASTA) and their combination on animals’ adaptation potential in stress conditions.

Material and methods. The fatty acids composition of diet was altered with the use of lipid module, containing 88.7% of high oleic sunflower oil, 6.3% of coconut oil and 5% of micralagae Schizochytrium sp. oil. The experiment was conducted with the use of 80 male Wistar rats with initial body weight 125±5 g. Selected animals (n=50) were divided into 5groups according to their activity in tests «Open field» (OF) and «Elevated plus-maze» (EPM). The animals of control group 1st were not exposed to physiological tests - this was an intact control group. The animals of control groups 1st and 2nd were treated with standard half-synthetic diets for 30 days [381 kcal/100 g of dry food, 20.1% of casein on calories, 10% of fat (the mixture of lard and sunflower oil in 1:1 ratio)]. In the diet of 3d group animals the sunflower oil (50% of fat in the diet) was substituted with lipid module, enriched with ASTA (4.0±0.3 mg/day/kg b.w.); in the diet of group 4 animals - with lipid module, enriched with PG (79.0±2.0 mg/day/kg b.w.); in the diet of group 5 animals - with lipid module, enriched with ASTA and PG (the same doses). The evaluation of anxiety level and total exploration activity was conducted in «elevated plus maze» test. On the 31st day of experiment, animals were exposed to forced swim test for evaluation of their physical endurance and capacity in the conditions of high stress. Results and discussion. The introduction into the animal diet of lipid module, enriched with PG and/or ASTA had pronounced hypolipidemic effect, lowered total serum cholesterol against a background of decrease in low-density lypoproteins (LDL) level. The concentration of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) - docosahexaenoic acid in liver cells of animals treated with lipid module enriched with PG and/or ASTA increased more the 3 times, while ω-6 linoleic acid decreased twice. The consumption of enriched with ASTA lipid module inhibited the increase in blood corticosterone level after stress (exhausting physical exercise) and lowered it to the control animals values, thus showing adaptogenic effect. The animals treated with lipid module enriched with ASTA (group 3) spent significantly less time in open arms of the maze in comparison with the first test, what may show the increase in anxiety level. The introduction of PG into lipid module neutralized this effect. The forced swim test with load showed no increase in working ability and endurance of animals of all tested groups.

Conclusion. The further study of adaptogenic action of PG in combination with ASTA in the composition of lipid module compared to the similar effect of traditional phospholipids is of special interest.

Hygiene of nutrition

Multiplex PCR for detection and quantification of GM potato event EH92-527-1 in food

Abstract

Aim - the elaboration of the protocol for the quantitative detection of genetically modified (GM) potato event EH92-527-1 in the format of duplex real-time polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with TaqMan® PCR technology.

Material and methods. The duplex system included two types of specific DNA primers and fluorescent probes: the 1st was for identifying of the event-specific EH92-527-1 DNA, the 2nd was for identifying of the taxon-specific potato gene Stp23. The selection of PCR parameters was carried out by empirical assortment of primers and probes, Mg2+-ions, deoxyribonucleotides and polymerase stabilizing agent, primers annealing temperature and incubation time for the each cycle stage.

The results of this research was the optimization of the reaction mixture composition for EH92-527-1 event and Stp23 gene fragment identification in the duplex system: 2.5x RT-PCR buffer in the presence of ROX, primers specific for the GM potato (EH92-f/EH92-r) and target taxon (GPF3/GPR3) in the amount of 250/250 and 100/100 nM, probes - 200 and200 nM, respectively; bovine serum albumin - 0.04%; MgCl2 - 3.5 mM, deoxynucleoside triphosphates - 0.3 mM, as well as the temperature-time reaction profile (initial denaturation at 95°C - 5 minutes, the next 45 cycles: 95 °C - 20 seconds, 58 °C -20 seconds, 62 °C - 40 seconds).

Conclusion. The method for the quantitative detection of genetically modified (GM) potato event EH92-527-1 in the format of duplex RT-PCR has been elaborated. The linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of the method definition are confirmed with in vitro studies, that results testify to the method’s reliability.

Peculiarities the main types of metabolism of students of middle educational institutions depending on the organization of the educational process and public catering

Abstract

Taking into account the fact that factors of intra-school environment are of great importance when forming health of pupils, this study aimed to investigate the main kinds of metabolism among pupils of secondary educational institutions depending on the organization of educational process and food services.

Material and methods. The observing group comprised of 137 students of Secondary School focusing on physico-mathematical sciences at the age of 12.9±1.3 years; the comparison group consisted of 131 students of Secondary School at the age of 12.7±1.2 years. To conduct a sociological study, a special questionnaire was developed, allowing to assess the socio-economic characteristics of the families of the surveyed pupils, the regularity and duration of sport activity, the time spent on compulsory and additional education, home nutrition, etc. The assessment of school meals was carried out using the menu-layouts (14-day approximate menu) and by individual weight method. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Indicators of fat [total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1], protein (total protein, albumin), carbohydrate (glucose) and mineral metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron) and blood serum concentration of dopamine, leptin and cortisol were determined by biochemical and ELISA methods.

Results and discussion. When assessing the compliance of the educational regime with the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.4.2.2821-10 at school affording intensive study of various subjects the violations of hygienic requirements for scheduling lessons, the exceedance of weekly load, a large total workload calculated on the subject difficult scale were revealed. It was found out that students of school affording intensive study spend more time on school and out-of-school education while motor activity was significantly reduced. Up to 87.0% of children ate at home irregularly, dry, consumed fast food and snacks. Despite the possibility of choosing a dish the rations actually consumed at school affording intensive study didn’t meet the average need for nutrients and energy during breakfast (25% of the established daily need), in terms of the content of macronutrients and energy by 20%, calcium and vitamin B1 by 45-55%, phosphorus by 39%, magnesium by 18%. At school focusing on physico-mathematical sciences the proportion of overweight children was 2.8-fold higher than in general school (19.0 vs 6.0%, OR=3.5, DI=1.4-9.6; p=0.01). The trend towards increased atherogenic structure of the lipid spectrum because of higher blood levels of LDL and lower levels of ApoA1 and HDL (p=0.004-0.02) has been found out. The established features of the main types of metabolism among pupils of school affording intensive study of various subjects have been associated with relatively high concentrations of cortisol, leptin and dopamine (p=0.0001-0.03) that indicated tension of neuroendocrine regulation.

Conclusion. Intensification of the learning process in profiled schools in combination with a low level of physical activity, inadequate nutrition and eating disorders up to 3.5 times increases the risk of overweight in schoolchildren against the background of endocrine regulation stress.

Analysis of food and energy value of the menu of some municipal pre-school educational institutions of the Kaliningrad Region

Abstract

Evaluation of nutrition allows one to foresee the possibility of occurrence of various developmental disorders of children, including diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome. At an early age, not only eating habits are laid, but the foundation for future physical and mental health is created. Lack of attention to compliance with the physiological norms of nutrition can lead to significant economic losses upon the transition of this generation to the status of the economically active population.

Aim - an analysis of children’s diets in municipal pre-school educational institutions (kindergarten) in Kaliningrad.

Material and methods. We investigated the nutrition of children aged 4-7 years based on a 10-day menu of three full-time kindergarten in Kaliningrad. The actual consumption of meals by the weight method of 9 groups of children (an average of 30 people) was also determined. The content of nutrients was assessed for compliance with the physiological requirements.

Results and discussion. By assessing the array of data on the nutritional value of the diet presented, the main marker indicators of diet compliance with physiological needs were determined, such as animal protein content, PUFA level, the ratio of mineral substances: sodium and potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The protein content in the diet exceeded the physiological need by 10-14%, while the plant protein prevailed. There was a slight deficit of polyunsaturated fatty acids due to inadequate consumption of fish; carbohydrate intake was within normal limits. The sodium content in the rations significantly exceeded norm (on average, 1800 mg per day), due to the frequent inclusion of dishes with components with high salinity and hidden salt. Despite the inclusion of cottage cheese in the ration, the average calcium content was 18% lower than the recommended level. Vitamin A consumption was about 50% of the physiological norm. It was established, in general, that the studied menu were brought into compliance with the physiological norms.

Conclusion. It is recommended to provide a variety of menus by introducing animal protein into the rations through the use of fermented dairy products and fish dishes. It is recommended to use local species of aquatic biological resources in order to reduce the price load in the formation of the menu. Suggestions for improving the menu allowing to significantly reduce sodium consumption by changing the formulations of some salads except for the use of salted and pickled vegetables are justified.

Diet treatment

Probiotic using as a part of complex therapy of disbiotic violations at some intestinal diseases

Abstract

Diseases of intestines are among the most widespread in this connection their effective prevention and treatment represents a priority problem of practical health care. Nowadays the set of the indisputable evidence that the microbiota of intestines played a key role in pathogenesis of many diseases has been obtained.

Aim - the analysis of the available data on a role of microflora and efficiency of probiotic cultures for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, the necrotic enterocolitis, Krone’s disease.

Based on the data, which is available in literature, the main aspects of biological properties of probiotic bacteria, first in the context of their regulating influence on inflammatory immune reaction have been discussed. The question of strain-specific effect of probiotics has been considered. The basic provisions concerning change of a fecal microbiota, prospect and difficulty of realization of this technique have been presented in the article.

Conclusion. Despite of wide use of pro- and prebiotics in clinic for treatment of diseases of digestive tract, a large number of the questions connected with selection of concrete strains for each patient, a dosage and duration of therapy for achievement of steady remission still remains.

Micronutrients in nutrition

Organic source of vanadium. preparation and physicalchemical characteristic

Abstract

Antidiabetic properties of vanadium are known more than 100 years, however the researches of specific therapeutic usage of vanadium were conducted only in the last two decades. Along with, the organic vanadium compounds are more harmless in comparison with inorganic vanadium salts. Thus, the development of method of obtaining the organic source of vanadium with high bioavailability is prospective field.

Aim of the work was to obtain and provide the physical-chemical characterization of vanadium complex with enzymatic hydrolysate of soy protein isolate (SPI), obtained by one-stage enzymatic hydrolysis.

Material and methods. The complex was obtained at room temperature: 10% water solution of SPI was mixed with 25% solution of vanadium salt (VOSO4×хH2O) in ratio 10:1 (in dry matter). The reaction was kept during 1 h at constant mixing with pH kept at 7.0 - 7.1 with 1.0 M NaOH. The concentration of vanadium was determined in dry product by means of inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The chromatograms of SPI and V-SPI were obtained by means of size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography, and then were integrated by weight method in the range of free till full column volume.

Results and discussion. The obtained complex of vanadium with SPI enzymatic hydrolysate (V-SPI) was water-soluble and contained 15.8 mg of vanadium per gram of product dry weight. Analysis of the molecular weight distribution of the peptide fractions of the original SPI enzymatic hydrolysate and the V-SPI complex showed that more than 87% of the vanadium complex was in peptide fractions with molecular weights more than 4.1 kD, including more than 75% of vanadium contained in fractions with molecular weights from 14.6 to 4.1 kD.

Conclusion. The experimental evaluation in vivo will be the next stage of this research. The complex bioavailability and its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of Wistar rats with obesity will be evaluated.

Investigation of the iron-binding capacity of the bovine lactoferrin

Abstract

In this work, studies were carried out to obtain and determine the iron-binding ability of lactoferrin isolated from milk of Holstein-Friesian (black-and-white) breed of cows, which is the main stock of the Russian cattle herd (CH).

Aim of the study was to obtain lactoferrin and determine its iron-binding capacity for substantiating the raw material resources of its industrial production as an easily digestible source of ferrous iron for the production of dietary supplements and/or specialized foods.

Material and methods. To optimize the production of lactoferrin in the conditions of dairy enterprises, we used a method of lactoferrin isolation from cow’s milk in its own modification, which consisted in the degreasing of whole milk by centrifugation and double cation-exchange chromatography with successive application of the following sorbents: CM-cellulose (CM-52) and Macro-Prep High Q Support.

Results and discussion. The developed modification of the method of chromatographic production of lactoferrin has shown its effectiveness and availability for production at domestic dairy enterprises. The purity of lactoferrin is about 95%, and the content is about 74 yg/cm3. Iron-binding capacity was determined in apo- and holoforms of lactoferrin. The ability of saturation of apolactoferrin with iron has been shown.

Conclusion. The new obtained factual material allows us to express the prerequisites for further research to justify the possibility of using the iron-saturated form of hololactoferrin of cow milk of the Holstein-Frisian breed as a domestic raw material for dietary supplements and specialized foods.

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CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

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