Alternaria toxins in tomato products marketed in the Russian Federation
AbstractTomatoes and tomato products are widely produced and consumed throughout the world. Alternaria spp. are the main cause of alternariosis (black mold disease) on fresh tomatoes, both in the field and after harvesting. Alternaria toxins are widespread contaminants of tomato products.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contamination of tomato processing products from the domestic market with Alternaria toxins, as well as to assess their intake by humans through the consumption of tomato juices.
Material and methods. The content of Alternaria toxins (alternatiol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid) was determined in 64 samples of tomato products (paste, ketchup, juice) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS).
Results. The priority Alternaria toxins for tomato paste, ketchup and juice were tenuazonic acid (61% of 64 samples, in amounts from 20.0 to 1065.5 μg/kg), altenuene (52%, 8.9–200.1 μg/kg) and alternariol (27%, 12.2–561.6 μg/kg). Samples of tomato paste turned out to be the most contaminated with Alternaria toxins while tomato juice samples were the least contaminated. At the same time, several toxins were found in 91% of tomato paste samples, 35% of ketchups, and 23% of tomato juices.
Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first survey devoted to Alternaria toxins contamination of tomato paste, ketchup and tomato juice sold on the Russian market. The high frequency of their contamination with tenuazonic acid, altenuene and, to a lesser extent, alternariol has been established, which indicates a potential risk to human health when tomato processing products are consumed. This indicates the need for a hygienic assessment of contamination the above products with tenuazonic acid, altenuene and alternariol. When calculating the potential intakeof Alternaria toxins for different age population groups, it was shown that high levels of alternariol (up to 56.77 ng/kg body weight per day) could be obtained under daily consumption of tomato juice by adults and children under three years of age, as well as tenuazonic acid when consuming tomato juice contaminated at the 95th percentile level as part of the diet in organized groups for orphans and children without parental care.
Keywords:Alternaria toxins; tenuazonic acid; altenuene; alternariol; tomato products; contamination; HPLC-MS/MS; risk assessment
Funding. The research was carried out at the expense of subsidies from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (a state task № FGMF-2023-0006).
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution. Research design – Tutelyan V.A.; collection and processing of material – Chalyy Z.A., Sedova I.B., Ivanova U.V.; statistical data processing – Chalyy Z.A., Sedova I.B.; manuscript writing – Sedova I.B.; editing, adoption of the final article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article – all authors.
For citation: Sedova I.B., Chalyy Z.A., Ivanova U.V., Tutelyan V.A. Alternaria toxins in tomato products marketed in the Russian Federation. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2024; 93 (1): 103–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-1-103-111 (in Russian)
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