The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in child development
Abstractω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated in cell membranes and play an important role in the development and functioning of organs. Consolidation of data on the role of ω-3 PUFAs in child development may increase the professional’s awareness, help to plan clinical studies, and develop recommendations for supplementation.
The aim of the research was to analyze literature data on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the central nervous system, immune system, and vision in children.
Material and methods. 86 literature sources have been analyzed, a keyword search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, eLibrary and Google Scholar databases.
Results. ω-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) are not synthesized in the human organism, and should be obtained from food. The need for ω-3 PUFAs is especially high during periods of rapid growth (the first years of life and adolescence). ω-3 PUFAs play an important role in the anatomical and functional development of the brain, affecting the maturation and functioning of neurons, participating in the processes of neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission. The results of clinical studies on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the cognitive functions of healthy children and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are contradictory, which requires further research. PUFAs are substrates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and take part in the control of acute and chronic inflammation, and also have a regulatory effect on immune cells. ω-3 PUFAs supplementation decreases the frequency and duration of acute respiratory viral infections in children. This indicates the potential effectiveness of ω-3 PUFAs in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Сlinical studies demonstrated positive effects of ω-3 PUFAs on retinal development in premature infants.
Conclusion. Adequate intake of ω-3 PUFAs is essential for the development and functioning of the central nervous system, immune system and vision in children. The body content of ω-3 PUFAs is closely related to the nutrition. In the Russian Federation, consumption of fish and other products containing ω-3 PUFAs is traditionally low. The majority of the Russian population has a deficiency in ω-3 PUFA consumption. With an unbalanced diet, supplementation of ω-3 PUFAs is necessary.
Keywords:omega-3; polyunsaturated fatty acids; children; cognitive functions; immunity; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid
Funding. The study had no sponsorship. The article was published with the financial support of Tymlatsky Fish Factory, LLC.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution. Concept and design of the study – Khachatryan L.G., Kolosova N.G.; collecting and processing the material – Ozerskaia I.V., Kolosova N.G.; text writing – Ozerskaia I.V., Polyanskaya A.V., Kasanave E.V.; editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article – all authors.
For citation: Ozerskaia I.V., Khachatryan L.G., Kolosova N.G., Polyanskaya A.V., Kasanave E.V. The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in child development. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2024; 93 (2): 6–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2024-93-2-6-18 (in Russian)
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