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6 . 2021

Synephrine in dietary supplements and specialized foodstuffs: biological activity, safety and methods of analysis

Abstract

Synephrine is a natural protoalkaloid of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium L., it has structural similarity to ephedrine and adrenaline. Synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract is widely used as an ingredient of dietary supplements (DS) and specialized foodstuffs (SF) intended for weight loss and fitness improvement. Along with thermogenic and lipolytic effects, synephrine can cause cardiovascular side effects, especially when combined with caffeine and physical activity. This aspect is important, insofar as the main consumers of weight loss products are overweight people who are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the research is a hygienic assessment of the usage of bitter orange extract and synephrine in DS and SF, which includes an analysis of approaches to technical regulation in the Russian Federation and abroad, a review of data on biological activity, safety, types of adulteration and methods for the determination of citrus protoalkaloids.

Results. The adrenergic effect of bitter orange is caused by the presence of R-(-)-p-synephrine, making up about 90% or more of the total protoalkaloids. Dry bitter orange fruit extracts, standardized to synephrine content, which can vary from 4 to 98%, are used in the production of DS and SF. Synephrine is a weak adrenergic agonist, acting primarily through β3-adrenergic receptors, stimulating lipolysis. Because of insufficient safety data, the consumption of synephrine is regulated in the Russian Federation and abroad. The upper permissible level of synephrine consumption in the Russian Federation is 30 mg per day. Various cases of adulteration of DS and SF for weight loss and sport nutrition have been revealed: undeclared addition of synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract, addition of synthetic synephrine, its isomers or analogs. The main method for the determination of synephrine and other biogenic amines in DS and SF is high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and/or mass detection.

Conclusion. The data presented in the review confirm the feasibility of developing an official method for determination of main protoalkaloids and monitoring of DS and SF for the content of synephrine and other citrus protoalkaloids on its basis.

Keywords:synephrine, bitter orange, dietary supplements, adulteration, HPLC

Funding. The research was carried out under state assignment (Theme 0529-2019-0058).

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

For citation: Perova I.B., Eller K.I., Musatov A.V., Tymolskaya E.V. Synephrine in dietary supplements and specialized foodstuffs: biological activity, safety and methods of analysis. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2021; 90 (6): 101-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-6-101-113 (in Russian)

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Методы анализа синефрина в сырье, биологически активных добавках к пище и специализированной пищевой продукции

Для определения синефрина и других адренергических аминов в сырье, экстрактах, БАД к пище и СПП используют обращенно-фазовую высокоэффективную жидкостную хроматографию (ОФ ВЭЖХ) с диодно-матричным (ДМД) спектрофотометрическим [9, 10, 13, 26-35], флуориметрическим [27, 28, 31, 36, 37], электрохимическим [38] или масс-спектрометрическим (МС) детектированием [24, 31, 39-42], высокоэффективную тонкослойную хроматографию с денситометрией [43] и капиллярный электрофорез (КЭФ) со спектрофотометрическим и электрохимическим детектированием [44].

Наиболее распространенным методом количественного анализа синефрина и других биогенных аминов горького апельсина является ОФ ВЭЖХ. Разделение биогенных аминов проводится на колонках С18, С8 или колонках с сильным катионообменным сорбентом [13, 26, 45-47] в изократическом или градиентном режиме. Водный компонент подвижной фазы имеет сильнокислую (рН 2-3), нейтральную или слабощелочную реакцию среды (рН 7-8). Органические компоненты подвижной фазы включают ацетонитрил, метанол или их смеси. Проблемы, возникающие при анализе биогенных аминов, связаны с их относительно низким содержанием в сырье, выраженными основными свойствами, высокой полярностью и низким коэффициентом удерживания на колонках С18, малой интенсивностью и неселективностью поглощения в области ультрафиолетового (УФ)-спектра, характерной для многих ароматических соединений (220-230 и 270-280 нм). С целью оптимизации времени удерживания и улучшения формы пиков для анализа биогенных аминов часто применяется ионпарная ВЭЖХ. В качестве ион-парных реагентов используют додецилсульфат натрия [27-30, 32, 33], лаурилсульфат натрия [34] и гексансульфоновую кислоту [26, 35]. Проблемы недостаточного удерживания

и слабого сигнала синефрина в УФ-спектре, связанные с недостатком хромофорных групп, иногда решали с помощью пред- и постколоночной дериватизации [39, 40, 48]. В качестве дериватизующих агентов для синефрина и других аминов используют дансил хлорид, 9-флуо-ренилметилхлорформиат и о-фталевый альдегид. Описано также использование флуориметрического детектора, поскольку синефрин и другие биогенные амины цитрусовых обладают естественной флуоресценцией в УФ-области спектра с длинами волн возбуждения 270-280 нм и длинами волн эмиссии 300-320 нм [27, 28, 31, 36, 37].

В последнее десятилетие для анализа биогенных аминов цитрусовых широкое применение получила ВЭЖХ-МС с ионизацией электрораспылением и различными типами масс-анализаторов, среди которых времяпролетный, квадрупольный, тройной квадрупольный, квадрупольно-времяпролетный, ионная ловушка [24, 39-42]. Такой подход позволяет с высокой селективностью и чувствительностью идентифицировать и определять следовые количества биогенных аминов в сложных матриксах БАД к пище и СПП. Молекулярная масса синефрина составляет 167,21 г/моль. Детектирование синефрина в режиме полного сканирования положительных ионов проводится по протонированному псевдомолекулярному иону [M + H]+ с m/z 168 Да и дегидратированному протонированному псевдомолекулярному иону [M - H2O + H]+ с m/z 150 Да.

Определение энантиомеров синефрина проводят с помощью хиральных ВЭЖХ и КЭФ [40, 44, 48]. В первом случае разделение проводится с использованием хиральных колонок, во втором - циклодекстринов в буферном растворе.

Результаты определения синефрина в растительном сырье, экстрактах, биологически активных добавках к пище и специализированной пищевой продукции

В научных целях, а также для проведения исследования содержания синефрина в БАД к пище и СПП в рамках санитарно-эпидемиологической экспертизы была разработана оригинальная ион-парная ОФ ВЭЖХ-ДМД-методика. Извлечение синефрина из матриксов растительных экстрактов, БАД к пище и СПП проводили 50% водным метанолом на ультразвуковой бане при комнатной температуре. Субстанции синефрина и октопамина гидрохлорида растворяли в метаноле. В качестве неподвижной фазы использовали колонку Phenomenex Luna C18(2) 250x4,6 мм с размером частиц 5 мкм. Экспериментально подобранные условия оптимального хроматографического разделения синефрина и октопамина приведены в табл. 4.

Таблица 4. Условия определения синефрина и октопамина методом ион-парной обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с диодно-матричным детектированием (ДМД)

Table 4. Conditions for the determination of synephrine and octopamine by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) with diode-array detection

Хроматограмма смеси стандартов синефрина и октопамина изображена на рис. 3А, извлечения из БАД к пище с экстрактом горького апельсина - на рис. 3Б.

Рис. 3. Хроматограмма смеси стандартов синефрина и октопамина (А) и метанольного экстракта биологически активной добавки к пище с экстрактом горького апельсина (Б) при λ=224 нм

Fig. 3. Chromatogram of a mixture of standards of synephrine and octopamine (A) and methanol extract of dietary supplement containing bitter orange extract (B) at λ=224 nm

Разработанная методика прошла метрологическую аттестацию, получила статус методики измерений МИ (регистрационный № 21-12ФЦ/89-м от 07.09.2021) и была включена в соответствующий проект методических указаний МУК "Методика определения синефрина и октопамина в биологически активных добавках к пище и специализированной пищевой продукции".

Для подтверждения присутствия синефрина в ряде образцов дополнительно проводили ВЭЖХ-МС. Исследовано более 80 образцов, среди которых субстанции синефрина и октопамина гидрохлорида, экстракты горького апельсина, БАД к пище и СПП. Стандартизованные по содержанию синефрина экстракты горького апельсина соответствовали спецификации производителя (6, 8 или 10%, а в 4 образцах - 30%). Количество синефрина в БАД к пище и СПП варьировало от следовых количеств до 32 мг/капс, что превышает верхний допустимый уровень потребления 30 мг. В большинстве исследованных БАД к пище и СПП количество синефрина составляло 5-6 мг в 1 капсуле или таблетке и соответствовало адекватному суточному потреблению синефрина (5 мг). В 9 образцах БАД к пище и СПП синефрин не был обнаружен.

В одном образце экстракта горького апельсина были обнаружены октопамин и синефрин (6 и 10% соответственно). Другие минорные протоалкалоиды (тирамин, N-метилтирамин и горденин) присутствовали в ряде образцов в количествах на порядок и более меньших, чем синефрин.

Заключение

Приведенные данные подтверждают целесообразность разработки официальной методики анализа протоалкалоидов и проведения на ее основе мониторинга БАД к пище и СПП, предназначенных для контроля массы тела и спортивного питания, на содержание синефрина и других цитрусовых протоалкалоидов.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА/REFERENCES

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2. Ruiz-Moreno C., Del Coso J., Giráldez-Costas V., González-García J., Gutiérrez-Hellín J. Effects of p-synephrine during exercise: a brief narrative review. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (1): 233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010233

3. Kaats G.R., Leckie R.B., Mrvichin N., Stohs S.J. Increased eating control and energy levels associated with consumption of bitter orange (p-synephrine) extract: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Nutr Diet Suppl. 2017; 9: 29-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDS.S136756

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CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

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