Bone mineral density in vegetarians and vegans
AbstractThe number of vegetarians and vegans is increasing each year. In this regard, studies of the quality of diets that exclude slaughter foods, as well as their impact on human health, are becoming more and more relevant.
The main purpose of the study was to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) in Russian vegetarians and vegans, as well as in omnivores.
Material and methods. Design – cross-sectional study. On an outpatient basis, we examined 103 conditionally healthy people aged 18 to 77 years with different diets: 36 vegans, 38 vegetarians and 29 omnivores. X-ray two energy absorptiometry was used to assess BMD. The density of the lumbar vertebrae (LI–LIV) and femoral neck was measured.
Results; Osteopenia in the lumbar spine was diagnosed in 27.8% of vegans, 39.5% of vegetarians, and 31.0% of omnivores. In the femoral neck, BMD corresponding to osteopenia was detected in 19.4, 26.3, and 17.2% of cases, respectively. 18.4% of vegetarians and 6.9% of omnivores had BMD corresponding to osteoporosis in the lumbar spine. Osteoporosis was not diagnosed in the femoral neck. No significant differences were observed after exclusion of people over 50 years of age. This was probably due primarily to the fact that the largest number of peri and postmenopausal women were in the vegetarian group. Excluding people who had took vitamin D supplements regularly did not drastically change the results of the study. When taking into account both exclusion criteria, no significant differences were observed.
Conclusion. The findings suggest that BMD in vegans and vegetarians in Russia does not differ from that in omnivores. However, further larger studies are required.
Keywords:osteopenia; osteoporosis; bone mineral density; T-criteria; Z-criteria; plant-based
Funding. The research was subsidized and conducted within the framework of the State assignment under the Programme of fundamental scientific research of the State Academies of Sciences for 2022–2024 (theme № FGMF-2022-0005).
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Contribution. The concept and design of the study – Galchenko A.V., Gapparova K.M., Revyakina V.A.; data collection and statistical processing, text writing – Galchenko A.V., Sidorova E.I., Sherstneva A.A.; editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article – all authors.
For citation: Galchenko A.V., Sidorova E.I., Gapparova K.M., Sherstneva A.A., Revyakina V.A. Bone mineral density in vegetarians and vegans. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2023; 92 (3): 69–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-3-69-78 (in Russian)
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